The aim of this research was to set a proposed strategy for achieving institutional integrity in the University of Ha’il (UoH), Saudi Arabia, in the light of the National Centre of Assessment and Academic Accreditation (NCAAA) Standards. This was accomplished through acknowledging theoretical and philosophical frameworks of institutional integrity and their obstacles in university educational institutions and displaying the institutional standards of the National Centre of Assessment and Academic Accreditation. This research depended on the descriptive method and employed the (SWOT) (...) Analysis to examine the status of UoH. The research confirmed that UoH implemented policies to support institutional values and research integrity. Furthermore, the university has employed mechanisms and procedures for institutional values and mentorships and has a declared policy for disclosure of information and access of necessary information to all beneficiaries. The university needs to set some mechanisms in place to ensure fairness and equality in performance assessments or to implement integrity standards in processes of employment and recruitment. (shrink)

Omnicide: Mania, Fatality and Future-in-Delirium (2019) finds Iranian-American philosopher and comparative literature theorist Jason Bahbak Mohaghegh carving the figure of the diffracted neo-Bedouin wanderer, whose mania we tail through the book’s haunted pages. The book’s namesake, “omnicide,” refers to the complete and total erasure of the Earth--the term has most recently been generally applied in ecological contexts, most markedly in regards to the Anthropocene and futurology. However, it is the explicitly poetic and literary intersection between mania and the grotesque that (...) Mohaghegh inches us towards, lifting omnicide from its proscriptive use in the Western philosophical/sociological tradition and goading it towards an unfamiliar cryptic terrain. Surveying ten contemporary Middle Eastern poets and fiction writers, including Sadeq Hedayat (Iran), Réda Bensmaia (Algeria), Samuel Adonis (Syria), Joyce Mansour (Egypt), Forugh Farrokhzad (Iran), Ibrahim al-Koni (Libya), Ahmad Shamlu (Iran), Ghada Samman (Lebanon), Mahmoud Darwish (Palestine) and Hassim Blasim (Iraq), Mohaghegh parses curious stanzas and plucks spectral paragraphs from myriad texts so as to navigate the largely occluded and excised narratives of the contemporary Middle Eastern philosophical-literary canon. Not only does Mohaghegh acuminate the multifaceted question of mania and its variegated networks, chambers, byways and sunken burrows--so as to juxtapose two different world literatures (East and West)--but Mohaghegh also illuminates this oeuvre to affront the Western psychoanalytic treatment of mania as an exclusionary vessel. Thus, despite Mohaghegh avoiding any explicit references to Western philosophers and scientists, both the codified dictum of the medical decree and the hyper-genealogical superlative tradition of Georges Canguilhem, Michel Foucault and their contemporaries rankle Omnicide’s annals. (shrink)

In this paper we focus on the logicality of language, i.e. the idea that the language system contains a deductive device to exclude analytic constructions. Puzzling evidence for the logicality of language comes from acceptable contradictions and tautologies. The standard response in the literature involves assuming that the language system only accesses analyticities that are due to skeletons as opposed to standard logical forms. In this paper we submit evidence in support of alternative accounts of logicality, which reject the stipulation (...) of a natural logic and assume instead the meaning modulation of nonlogical terms. (shrink)

Acceptable analyticities, i.e. contradictions or tautologies, constitute problematic evidence for the idea that language includes a deductive system. In recent discussion, two accounts have been presented in the literature to explain the available evidence. According to one of the accounts, grammatical analyticities are accessible to the system but a pragmatic strengthening repair mechanism can apply and prevent the structures from being actually interpreted as contradictions or tautologies. The proposed data, however, leaves it open whether other versions of the meaning modulation (...) operation are required. Novel evidence we present argues that a loosening version of the repair mechanism must be available. Our observation concerns acceptable lexical contradictions that cannot be rescued if only a strengthening version of the pragmatic strategy is available. (shrink)

Governance of biomedical research in the United States has been characterized by ethical individualism, a mode of reasoning that treats the individual person as the center of moral concern and analysis. However, genomics research raises ethics issues that uniquely affect certain genetically related communities as collectives, not merely as aggregates of individuals. This is especially true of identifiable populations—including Indigenous Peoples—that are often minoritized, socially marginalized, or geographically isolated. We propose an alternative, complementary framework based on the United Nations Declaration (...) on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) (2007), which explicitly recognizes both individual and collective rights. We use the CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance as a case study to show how this UNDRIP‐based framework can complement the individual‐focused national standard for research oversight represented by the Belmont principles, thereby better protecting Indigenous Peoples’ rights and interests in genomic data. (shrink)

This note focuses on the interaction between logic and grammar and discusses whether logical rules are irrelevant for syntactic formation. Classical evidence for the independence of syntax from logic comes from the acceptability of analytic propositions. Based on this piece of evidence, various authors in traditional discussions pronounced that language is illogical. This note focuses instead on two ways to oppose such pronouncements. In Gramscian linguistics, one can maintain that language is not illogical by broadening the notion of language one (...) adopts. In an alternative account we submit, one can oppose those pronouncements by restricting the notion of analyticity which is assumed to be relevant for syntactic formation. (shrink)

Maqasid al-Shariah based Islamic bioethics is an Islamic bioethics concept which uses the objectives of the Shariah as its approach in analysing and assessing bioethical issues. Analysis based on maqasid al-Shariah based Islamic bioethics will examine any bioethical issues from three main aspects namely intention, method, and output or final goal of the studied issues. Then, the evaluation will be analysed from human interest hierarchy, inclusivity, and degree of certainty. The Islamic bioethics concept is a manifestation of dynamic Islamic jurisprudence (...) which can overcome new complex and complicated bioethical issues such as tri-parent baby technology issues. Therefore, this article will introduce and explain the concept of maqasid al-Shariah based Islamic bioethics and outline a general guidance of maqasid al-Shariah based Islamic bioethics to determine a maqṣad based on standards of human good or well-being and harm. (shrink)

In this paper I describe how the authors involved in the scalar implicatures debate develop only partially co-extensional theories of scalar implicatures starting from a common range of core facts. I consider three components of the scalar implicature mechanism: the exhaustivity operator, the alternatives generation and the avoid-contradiction procedures.

(1992). Cognitive Style, Gender, Attitude toward Computer‐assisted Learning and Academic Achievement. Educational Studies: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 151-160.

Straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip teorinėje plotmėje kito „subkultūros“ samprata nuo neformalias jaunimo subkultūras akademiniame tyrimų lauke įteisinusios Birmingemo mokyklos laikų (8-ojo dešimt. vidurio) iki šių dienų postmodernistinių teorinių implikacijų. Tekste pristatomi didžiausią įtaką subkultūrų tyrimams padarę antropologų, etnologų ir sociologų darbai, aptariamos pagrindinės autorių idėjos. Empirinėje straipsnio dalyje susitelkiama į „subkultūros“ ir „subkultūros nario“ sampratų vartoseną ir joms teikiamas reikšmes Lietuvos pankų subkultūroje.

Il volume introduce una nuova prospettiva sul rapporto tra senso e controsenso nelle lingue naturali. Le concezioni tradizionali attribuivano alla grammatica il compito di definire l’ambito della sensatezza linguistica – di ciò che ha senso dire in una data lingua – e presumevano che nel far ciò essa ammettesse come possibili (e quindi sensate) strutture che non trasmettono informazioni significative sul mondo. È il caso delle contraddizioni classiche, che non a caso i parlanti giudicano ammissibili benché letteralmente “controsense”. Eppure, la (...) ricerca più recente intorno alla logica delle lingue naturali ha portato alla luce l’esistenza di strutture che vengono giudicate inammissibili proprio perché non sono informative; a differenza delle strutture classiche, in questi casi la mancanza di informatività non può essere risolta per mezzo di reinterpretazioni contestuali. Il libro riflette sulle implicazioni teoriche di tali risultati, che integra criticamente nel contesto delle discussioni filosofiche (Husserl, Carnap, ma anche Benedetto Croce) e linguistiche (Chomsky, evidentemente, ma anche Richard Montague). Giunge ad affermare la presenza nelle lingue di una naturale inclinazione all’informatività, che determina un allargamento per via pratica delle loro possibilità espressive. Aderisce, in ultimo, a una radicalizzazione del proposito wittgensteiniano di limitare il dicibile alla sfera del contingente. (shrink)

This book is the culmination of over twenty years of work toward a pedagogical theory that promotes experiential learning of model-laden theory and inquiry in science.

Does a philosopher have an 'identity'? What kind of 'identity' is mobilized when the work of a philosopher becomes a major reference for certain schools of thought, as in the case of Gilles Deleuze and postcolonial theory? Have the promoters of a generalized Deleuzeanism taken care their usage of his specialized work does him justice? Few exponents of postcolonial and subaltern theories now dispute the influence that Deleuze's work exerted on the intellectuals and theorists who developed those theories. However, this (...) book contends that postcolonial and subaltern theorists have engaged with Deleuzean thought in ways that have perhaps produced a long series of misunderstandings – for which Deleuze himself is not responsible. By engaging with recent innovations in North African culture and by examining the dissemination of Deleuze's identities across a broad range of postcolonial theory, Réda Bensmaïa shows that the 'encounter' between Deleuze and the postcolonial movement can only be understood through the idea of a 'transcendental' field, in which Deleuze and his postcolonial followers find themselves captured. (shrink)

Comment sortir l'Islam du fondamentalisme et le réconcilier avec la modernité de notre monde? Comment permettre aux croyants, paradoxalement de plus en plus engagés dans la société civile, dans la promotion de la liberté d'expression et des droits de l'homme et de la femme... de se libérer de préceptes religieux formalistes et de redonner du sens à leur foi? Reda Benkirane propose une voie aussi prometteuse qu'inattendue : repenser la religion à la lumière des sciences majeures de notre temps. (...) Ces sciences de la complexité qui, justement, échappent à tout réductionnisme. La religion étant, comme la science, une manière d'envisager le monde, la société, l'individu, on découvrira au fil des pages les passerelles qu'elles jettent l'une vers l'autre à notre époque de croissance phénoménale des connaissances... jusqu'à proposer une nouvelle lecture du Coran lui-même! (shrink)

Tri-parent baby technology is an assisted reproductive treatment which aims to minimize or eliminate maternal inheritance of mutated mitochondrial DNA. The technology became popular following the move by the United Kingdom in granting license to a group of researchers from the Newcastle Fertility Centre, Newcastle University to conduct research on the symptoms of defective mtDNA. This technology differs from other assisted reproductive technology because it involves the use of gamete components retrieved from three different individuals. Indirectly, it affects the preservation (...) of lineage which is important from an Islamic point of view. This paper aims to analyze and discuss the implications of the tri-parent technology on preservation of lineage from the perspective of Maqasid al-Shari’ah based the Islamic bioethics. The analysis shows that there are a few violations of the preservation of lineage, hence the tri-parent baby technology should not be permitted. (shrink)

How do the flexibilized scenes of cruel optimism crystallize and resonate with the situational displays of crises as a governmental oversight? Centering around this question, the paper aims to offer a critical fulcrum for problematic attachments toward future-mediated fantasies in the aftermath of the Kahramanmaras earthquakes. It starts with evaluating how the pastoral mode was applied as a cruel diagram of positivity by the Turkish government through the omnipresent prowess of the media, which presents an ‘ordinaryizing’ affect in regularizing the (...) fatalistic discourses and relief efforts. It then continues to analyze the retributive discourses by the politicians and officials that triggered the oscillatory porosity among varied (de)subjectivities, toggling between sovereign misrecognitions and exclusions, as well as spiritually vivifying the optimistic barriers of cruelty. Lastly, it discusses in what ways the hopeful projections reconciled with the preemption by the dominant scientific narratives paradoxically prolong the preexistence of uncertainty and trust. (shrink)

This book contains an advanced debate on the nature of scalar implicatures, one of the most popular topics in philosophical linguistics over the past 20 years. Leading authorities in the study of the semantics–pragmatics interface have contributed chapters from a range of perspectives; they address the crucial components of scalar implicatures, including the exhaustivity operator, alternatives and contextual optionality. The book offers an up-to-date presentation of the phenomenon of scalar implicatures in a way that will help readers to orient themselves (...) within the vast literature on the topic. It will be of great interest to students and researchers of semantics, cognitive science, psychology and philosophy of language. (shrink)

In this book an introduction to the grammatical view of the scalar implicature phenomenon is presented. A detailed overview is offered concerning the embeddability of the exhaustivity operator, and the contextual dependance of the alternatives generation process. The theoretical implications of the grammatical view with respect to the abductive character of the scalar implicature are also discussed. A pragmatic account of the assertive content is proposed in correlation with a blindness-based account of the semantic content carried by scalar sentences, in (...) order to ensure that the information globally conveyed by the latter is sometimes different from the semantic content automatically generated. -/- . (shrink)

In questa nota si fornisce un esempio preliminare di analisi pragmatica delle strutture musicali. Nell’analisi, la stipulazione di una pragmatica musicale segue strettamente recenti proposte presentate in ambito semantico, in cui si illustrano le potenziali virtù rappresentazionali delle strutture musicali. In particolare, in questa nota si suggerisce la presenza di strategie di ricostruzione dei significati musicali le quali intervengono a prevenire la realizzazione di contenuti semantici contraddittori. L’evidenza utilizzata è ricavata da alcune misure del madrigale primo del II libro dei (...) madrigali di Monteverdi (1590), e dal testo (di T. Tasso) che le accompagna; sviluppi dell’analisi qui proposta dovranno fondarsi su evidenze indipendenti e auspicabilmente naturali. (shrink)

Entretien avec Hamdy Reda, artiste qui a créé un lieu d’art, Art-el-Lewa, dans le quartier informel très densément peuplé d’Ard-el-Lewa, situé entre deux autres grands quartiers informels Imbiba and Boulak El Dakrour. Art-el-Lewa est un espace de mise en œuvre de dialogue entre artistes et société. Cet espace indépendant aide les projets artistiques à se réaliser, offre des workshops aux membres de la communauté et aux artistes émergents ; il organise des expositions et reçoit des artistes en résidence ; (...) il encourage les projets qui enrichissent la vie civique et culturelle d’Ard-el-Lewa ; il utilise l’art pour faire avancer les questions d’environnement. Hamdy Reda nous raconte pourquoi et comment il a ouvert cet espace, et quels projets le lieu a hébergés. (shrink)

In this paper an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model, for predicting the category of a tumor was developed and tested. Taking patients’ tests, a number of information gained that influence the classification of the tumor. Such information as age, sex, histologic-type, degree-of-diffe, status of bone, bone-marrow, lung, pleura, peritoneum, liver, brain, skin, neck, supraclavicular, axillar, mediastinum, and abdominal. They were used as input variables for the ANN model. A model based on the Multilayer Perceptron Topology was established and trained using (...) data set which its title is “primary tumor” and was obtained from the University Medical Centre, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia Test data evaluation shows that the ANN model is able to correctly predict the tumor category with 76.67 % accuracy. (shrink)

This article, using methods from corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis, reports the findings of a research project that aimed to explore the representations of Syrian asylum seekers in the Turkish press from March 2011, when the first Syrians arrived in Turkey, to December 2015, when the project ended. Using a corpus of 2321 texts collected from five Turkish daily newspapers, concordances of the words Syrian, refugee and asylum seeker were examined and grouped along patterns through which discourses on and (...) around Syrian asylum seekers were uncovered. We found differing discourses that framed asylum seekers as ‘our brothers’, ‘victims’, ‘needy people’ and/or ‘threat’, ‘criminals’ and so on. Newspapers maintained one or a combination of these discourses to construct their own reality about the refugee crisis in Turkey. The analysis also reveals that Turkish newspapers use pertinent terms interchangeably, leading to an ambiguity which reflects the political as well as daily usage of the terms. (shrink)

Şâfiî müctehidlerin muteber şahsiyetlerinden biri olan Râfiî el-Kazvînî, ilk olarak babası Muhammed b. Abdilkerîm el-Kazvînî (ö. 580/1184) ve annesinin dayısı Ebü’l-Hayr Ahmed et-Tâlkânî’nin (ö. 589/1193) rahle-i tedrisinde bulunduktan sonra alanında uzman birçok kişiden tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh sahasına ilişkin seviyeli bir eğitim almıştır. Yaşadığı asrın ileri gelen ulemasından İslâmî ilimleri okuyarak fıkıh ilminde ihtisas sahibi olan Râfiî, Kazvîn’de ders halkaları oluşturarak tedris faaliyetinde bulunmuş; dönemin halifeleri tarafından Şam ve Mısır baş kadılık görevine atanan Ahmed b. Halîl el-Mühellebî (ö. 638/1240), Zekiyyüddin (...) el-Münzirî (656/1258) ve İbn Sükkerî (ö.713/1313) gibi önemli simalar yetiştirmiştir. Zekâsı, aklı ve özellikle haiz olduğu fıkhî meseleleri ayırt etme yetisiyle Râfiî, doktrin içerisinde yer alan dağınık görüşleri toplayarak ilgili görüşlerden hangisinin daha kuvvetli olabileceğine dair tespitlerde bulunup mezhebi tahrîr/tenkîh etmiş, bir bakıma mezhebin görüşlerini ilmî elekten geçirip ayıklamıştır. Mezhep içerisindeki görüşleri inceleyerek farklı tarikleri birleştirme ve dağınık bilgileri ayıklayıp mezhep birikimini veciz ifadelerle yansıtma faaliyetinden dolayı ulemanın dikkatini üzerine çeken Râfiî, mezhepte iki otoriteden biri anlamına gelen Şeyhân’dan biri olma -diğeri ise Nevevî (ö. 676/1277)- unvanına layık görülmüştür. Bu yüzden onun hayatına ve ilmî kişiliğine Şâfiî terâcim eserlerinde oldukça yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, sonraki dönemlerde mezhep görüşünü temsilde belirleyici olan Râfiî’nin ilmî kişiliği yanında mezhebi tahrîr/tenkîh etmesindeki rolüne yer verilecektir. (shrink)

One of William Lane Craig's key arguments for the finitude of the past is the Successive Addition Argument (SAA). Malpass (2021) has recently developed a novel challenge to the SAA, utilising a thought experiment from the work of Fred Dretske, which is meant to show that it is possible to count to infinity, to argue that there is a counterexample to the SAA's second premise. In this paper, I contend that the Malpass‐Dretske counterexample should not worry advocates of the SAA. (...) First, I argue that one objection Malpass considers—the Potential Infinite Objection—reveals an interesting fact: the SAA's second premise is unnecessarily strong and can be weakened whilst still yielding the same conclusion. Second, I show how another one of the objections considered by Malpass—the Accumulation Objection—is successful, provided some clarification to the SAA's premises. The upshot of both analyses is that we generate two ‘new’ Successive Addition arguments that not only move the dialectic forward, but shed light on deeper assumptions and motivating intuitions concerning the Kalām. (shrink)

Bu çalışmada Herakleitos’un DK1 numaralı fragmanı ve filozofun felsefesinin temel kavramı olan logos terimi üzerinde inceleme yapılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca Herakleitos’un fragmanda kul-landığı sözcükler, kurduğu cümleler ve kullandığı üsluptan hareketle filozof olmasının yanı sıra aynı zamanda bir kâhin ya da peygamber olarak da nitelendirilebileceği iddia edilmiştir. Buna göre bu çalışma şu hususların ele alınmasından oluşmaktadır: DK1 numaralı fragmanın üç başlık altında incelenmesi suretiyle Herakleitos düşüncesinin merkezini oluşturan logos terimini anla-mak amaçlanmıştır. Logos terimini anlama noktasında sözcüğün sözlükteki anlamları üzerinde durularak ilgili fragmanda (...) sözcüğe yüklenen anlamlar tespit edilmiştir. Böylelikle Dk1 numaralı fragmanda Herakleitos’un logos sözcüğüne yüklediği temel anlamların, akıl, söz, rasyonel pren-sip, yönetici ilke türünden anlamlar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca filozofun frag-manda kullandığı üslubun filozof olmasının yanı sıra kâhinlere veya peygamberlere özgü olduğu iddiasında bulunulmuştur. Bu iddia ise fragmanı oluşturan cümlelerin ve sözcüklerin dile getiri-lişindeki üslup ve jargondan hareketle ve rütbeli Herakleitos yorumcularının ifadeleri ile gerek-çelendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. (shrink)

Bu çalışmada, İslâm hukukunun ibadetler bölümü içerisinde konu edinen, fukaha tarafından yer yer müstakil başlık altında incelenen istihâre namazına ilişkin ileri sürülen bazı hükümler nitel araştırma ve istidlâl yöntemleri kullanılarak ele alınmıştır. İstihâre namazı hakkında varit olan birtakım rivâyetlerde Hz. Peygamber’in –kendisi kılmamasına rağmen- sahâbîlere söz konusu namazı tavsiye ettiği görülmüştür. Binaenaleyh istihâre namazının meşruiyeti, şer‘î deliller içerisinde sünnete dayanmaktadır. Meşrûiyeti hususunda herhangi bir hilaf söz konusu olmamasına rağmen istihâre namazına dair rivâyet edilen birtakım nasların senedinin tenkite tabi tutulduğu, ilgili (...) naslarda yer alan bazı kavramların da te’vile açık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu ve benzeri hususlar, istihâre namazının hükmü yanında istihâre namazının rekât sayısı, istihâre duasının nerede okunacağı, hangi işler hakkında uygulanabilir olduğu, namaz kılınması mekruh sayılan vakitlerde kılınıp kılınamayacağı gibi bazı fıkhî meselelerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Bu durum ise, doktrin içerisinde kayda değer muhtelif görüş ve fikirlerin tezahür etmesine sebebiyet vermiştir. Dolayısıyla ele alınan bu çalışmada müctehidlerin istihâre namazı ve buna taalluk eden bazı fıkhî meselelere dair ileri sürdükleri görüşler, olabildiğince delilleriyle birlikte sunulmuş; meselelere ilişkin serdedilen rivâyetler cerh ve ta‘dîl açısından tahlil edilerek mezkûr konular bir bütünlük içerisinde incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. (shrink)

Ancient Arabic literature dealt with linguistic sciences such as sarf, nahiw, belagha and Islamic sciences such as fıqh, hadith and tafsîr. This is known to the elite and the common people. But what is hidden and forgotten is that Arabic literature also includes the foundations and rules of modern sciences such as sociology and economics. Among the ancient Arabic literature is the writing of Maqamat, which holds an important position among the masterpieces of Arabic literature. For this reason, it is (...) important to study the writing of Maqamat from the perspective of the various disciplines of Islamic sciences and modern sciences. This study deals with fıqh and economic issues within the framework of Al-Hariri’s famous book, Maqamat. The aim of the study is to reveal the fıqh and economic aspects of Makamat writing through Hariri's Makamat as an exemplary study. The approach followed by the study is to select three maqama from Al-Hariri’s book, which contained fifty complete maqama, and to search for what is in them of fıqh and economics. Accordingly, the study includes three main headings, and in these three headings, fıqh, farâid (inheritance law) and economic issues are discussed, respectively. Although the science of farâid (inheritance law) is a branch of fıqh, it is singled out for mention independently because it has its own rulings. The study examined the jurisprudential aspect of the Maqamat in the thirty-second maqama called “the Tayyibi Maqamat,” the aspect related to the science of farâid in the fifteenth maqama called “the Faradiya Maqamat,” and the economic aspect in the forty-ninth maqama called “the Sassanid Maqamat.” The method followed by Hariri in her book is to present the issues in the form of stories through two fictional characters, Haris bin Hammam and Abu Zayd, whom she chose as mirrors reflecting the two opposing identities of the society. Abu Zaid appears in different forms and in various clothes. He sometimes appears as a beggar who deceives and a thief who betrays, and at other times as a preacher who advises and a scholar who guides. Rather, he is an imaginary character that Hariri put in place. Wherever he went, he met Al-Harith bin Hammam and the strange and adventurous incident begins, or he appears as a person from whom Al-Harith narrated the incident and the story. Harith is the person who always warns his against bad things, orders his to do good, and sometimes condemns his if he does evil. The results obtained in the study are, first of all, the determination that the Makâmât writing deals with the subjects of the science of fiqh as in the thirty-second makama and the subjects of the science of farâid (inheritance law) as in the fifteenth makama and the subjects of economics as in the forty-ninth makama. It is seen that some of the principles put forward by Adam Smith years later were also present in the Maqamat literature centuries ago. The fact that fiqh views are according to the Shafi'i sect shows that the Shafi'i sect was widespread in the region at that time. Additionally, as can be understood from the forty-ninth makama, there is also a profession of begging in the society where Hariri lives. The study also reveals the society's interest in, submission to, and acceptance of moral principles at that time, and shows that the Arabic language reached its peak during this period. (shrink)

In the study of _Lawāmiʿ al-Naẓar_, Ibrahim Safri presents a history of rational sciences in the Maghribī tradition in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. He also presents a critical edition of the work, which can be considered as an introduction to post-Avicennian studies in North Africa.